This is a subject that is a work in progress.
I recently went down a rabbit trail due to a word I looked up. The word was “chimera”. I found it extremely interesting considering its many uses and especially the origins of the word from Mythology and that the word is used in science, and it is also used in the game “Dungeons and Dragons. There are several types of Chimeras as well… Even Human Chimeras!
Chimera: notes
Chimera. The word found in nature article/ Increased mortality in community-tested cases of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7
Link 1 Study Abstract (Reference Nature (2021)
Article Link Reference👇
Article: Increased mortality in community-tested cases of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 Science reference of the use of Chimera (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03426-1)
Link 2 Chimera (genetics) Wikipedia (Chimera-Genetics) Chimera Genetics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_(genetics)?wprov=sfti1
Link 3 Chimera (mythology) Wikipedia (Chimera-Mythology) Chimera-Mythology
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)
Link 4 Chimera (mythological beast) Description
Wiki Tools – adjkjc.github (Chimera-Mythology)https://adjkjc.github.io/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_(mythology).html
Link 5 Chimera(Dictionary) Wiktionary.org/wiki (Chimera) Chimera definition https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chimera
Link 6 Dungeons and Dragons Wiki pages 5th Edition (5e) Chimera (5e class) Dungeons and Dragons Wiki pages 5th Edition (5e) D&D Wiki (Dandiwiki)(Chimera-5e class)
https://www.dandwiki.com/wiki/Chimera_(5e_Class)
Link 7 Dungeons and Dragons Wiki pages 5th Edition (5e) 5e SRD:Diseases Dungeons and Dragons Wiki pages 5th Edition (5e) D&D Wiki (Dandiwiki/wiki/5e SRD:Diseases)https://www.dandwiki.com/wiki/5e_SRD:Diseases
Link 8 Dungeons and Dragons Wiki pages 5th Edition (5e) 5e Chimera Variant Dungeons and Dragons Wiki pages 5th Edition (5e) D&D Wiki (Dandiwiki/wiki/Chimera Variant )(5e Creature)https://www.dandwiki.com/wiki/Chimera_Variant_(5e_Creature)
Link 9 Dungeons and Dragons Wiki pages SRD:PoisonsDungeons and Dragons Wiki pages 5th Edition (5e) D&D Wiki (Dandiwiki/wiki SRD:Poisons
https://www.dandwiki.com/wiki/SRD:Poisons
Link 10 Dictionary (Chimera Genetic)Britannica Dictionary-Science-Chimera-Genetics
https://www.britannica.com/science/chimera-genetics
Link 11 Websters Dictionary (Chimera) 3: an individual, organ, or part consisting of tissues of diverse genetic constitution
–A hybrid created through fusion of a sperm and an egg from different species is a chimeraWebsters Online Dictionary-Chimera
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chimera
Link 12 Websters Dictionary In Greek mythology,
Webster’s says, the Chimera was a fearsome, fire-breathing monster with a lion’s head, a goat’s body, and a dragon’s tail. She terrorized the people of Lycia until their king, Iobates, asked the hero Bellerophon to slay her. Iobates had an ulterior motive; his son-in-law wanted Bellerophon killed and the king was sure the Chimera would do the job. But Bellerophon called in Pegasus, the winged horse, and brought the Chimera down from above. The beast lived on in people’s imaginations, and English speakers adopted her name for any similarly grotesque monster, or, later, for anything fanciful.Websters Online Dictionary-Chimera – Under Did you know?
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chimera#note-1
Link 13 Scientists Create a Human-Pig Chimera (27 Jan 2017)
Merriam-Websters – News Trends
https://www.merriam-webster.com/news-trend-watch/scientists-create-a-human-pig-chimera-20170127
Link 14 Virus chimeraScience Daily -Article – Chimera viruses can help the fight against lymphomas https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/09/170914152251.htm
Link 15 The five: chimeras created by scienceArticle from The Guardian (https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/aug/11/the-five-chimeras-human-monkey-hybrid-genetic)
Link 16 The Case of Lydia Fairchild and Her Chimerism (2002) The Embyo Project (https://embryo.asu.edu/) Keywords: Lydia Fairchild, DNA evidence, Human chimeras (https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/case-lydia-fairchild-and-her-chimerism-2002)
Link 17 THE TRUTH ABOUT CHIMERASReference: SQ – THE SCIENCE CREATIVE QUARTERLY (https://www.scq.ubc.ca/the-truth-about-chimeras/)
Link 18 The Human Chimera: Legal Problems Arising From Individuals with Multiple Types of DNA 5-2-2014Reference: Seton Hall University eRepository @ Seton Hall (https://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1485&context=student_scholarship)
Link 19 Chimerism in humans: Causes: Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Forms, Complications and consequences, Diagnostics, Differential diagnosis, Treatment, Who to contact? Prevention, Forecast Reference: I Live! Ok! Health- MEDICAL EXPERT OF THE ARTICLE
By: Professor Orit REISH (https://m.iliveok.com/health/chimerism-humans_115293i88403.html)
Link 20 The anti-influenza M2e antibody response is promoted by XCR1 targeting in pig skinNature Articles- Abstract (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-07372-9)
link 21 Targeting antigens to endocytic receptors expressed on dendritic cells is a potent way to enhance the efficiency of protein and DNA-based vaccines. DC Targeting Dendritic cells (DC) Nature Articles- Abstract – The anti-influenza M2e antibody response is promoted by XCR1 targeting in pig skin (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-07372-9)
Link 22 Pubmed Chimeric Publication (The genetic structure of SARS-CoV-2 does not rule out a laboratory origin: SARS-COV-2 chimeric structure and furin cleavage site might be the result of genetic manipulation) Pubmed -ncbi-nlm-nih-gov (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33200842/)
Link 23 Increased mortality in community-tested cases of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7
(https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03426-1)
• Published: 20 September 2021
This is an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. Nature Research are providing this early version of the manuscript as a service to our authors and readers. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting and a proof review before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.
High genetic barrier to SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal neutralizing antibody escape
• Fabian Schmidt, Yiska Weisblum, […]Paul D. Bieniasz
Nature (2021)Cite this article
• 66k Accesses
• 395 Altmetric
• Metrics details
Abstract
The number and variability of the neutralizing epitopes targeted by polyclonal antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent and vaccinated individuals are key determinants of neutralization breadth and the genetic barrier to viral escape1–4. Using HIV-1 pseudotypes and plasma-selection experiments with vesicular stomatitis virus/SARS-CoV-2 chimeras, we show that multiple neutralizing epitopes, within and outside the receptor binding domain (RBD), are variably targeted by human polyclonal antibodies. Antibody targets coincide with spike sequences that are enriched for diversity in natural SARS-CoV-2 populations. By combining plasma-selected spike substitutions, we generated synthetic ‘polymutant’ spike protein pseudotypes that resisted polyclonal antibody neutralization to a similar degree as circulating variants of concern (VOC). By aggregating VOC-associated and antibody-selected spike substitutions into a single polymutant spike protein, we show that 20 naturally occurring mutations in SARS-CoV-2 spike are sufficient to generate pseudotypes with near-complete resistance to the polyclonal neutralizing antibodies generated by convalescents or mRNA vaccine recipients. Strikingly, however, plasma from individuals who had been infected and subsequently received mRNA vaccination, neutralized pseudotypes bearing this highly resistant SARS-CoV-2 polymutant spike, or diverse sarbecovirus spike proteins. Thus, optimally elicited human polyclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 should be resilient to substantial future SARS-CoV-2 variation and may confer protection against potential future sarbecovirus pandemics.
A genetic chimerism or chimera (/kaɪˈmɪərə/ ky-MEER-ə or /kɪˈmɪərə/ kə-MEER-ə, is a single organism composed of cells with more than one distinct genotype. In animals, this means an individual derived from two or more zygotes, which can include possessing blood cells of different blood types, subtle variations in form (phenotype) and, if the zygotes were of differing sexes, then even the possession of both female and male sex organs (this is just one of many different phenomena that may result in intersexuality). Animal chimeras are produced by the merger of multiple fertilized eggs. In plant chimeras, however, the distinct types of tissue may originate from the same zygote, and the difference is often due to mutation during ordinary cell division. Normally, genetic chimerism is not visible on casual inspection; however, it has been detected in the course of proving parentage.
LINK 24 Chimera (mythological beast)
Contents
(https://adjkjc.github.io/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_(mythology).html#Description)
For the mythological beast, see Chimera
5e SRD:Chimera
Link 25 Britannica Dictionary:
(https://www.britannica.com/science/chimera-genetics)
Chimera, in genetics, an organism or tissue that contains at least two different sets of DNA, most often originating from the fusion of as many different zygotes (fertilized eggs). The term is derived from the Chimera of Greek mythology, a fire-breathing monster that was part lion, part goat, and part dragon. Chimeras are distinguished from mosaics, organisms that contain genetically different populations of cells originating from a single zygote, and from hybrids, organisms containing genetically identical populations of cells originating from a cross of two different species. Included among the different known types of animal chimeras are dispermic and twin
Link 26 Webster’s Definitions of chimera
1a
capitalized : a fire-breathing she-monster in Greek mythology having a lion’s head, a goat’s body, and a serpent’s tail
1b
: an imaginary monster compounded of incongruous parts
2
:an illusion or fabrication of the mind especially : an unrealizable dream
a fancy, a chimera in my brain, troubles me in my prayer
— John Donne
His utopia was a chimera.
3: an individual, organ, or part consisting of tissues of diverse genetic constitution
–A hybrid created through fusion of a sperm and an egg from different species is a chimera
Human Chimera